Multilevel Societies in Birds

There is growing interest in the study of multilevel societies, where social units comprising several individual animals (human and non-human) come together to form higher-level groupings. Grueter et al. [ 1. C.C. Multilevel organisation animal sociality. Trends Ecol. Evol. 2020; 9: 834-847 Abstract Full Text PDF Scopus (46) Google Scholar ] provided a useful definition highlighting that key characteristics societies should include stability across different levels, be driven by active preferences rather than attraction same resource or spatial overlap. Despite their framework being predominately focused on mammals, particular primates, we argue it applies much wider range taxa. Here, highlight important contribution studies birds can make distinguish evolutionary pathways lead mechanisms might maintain these.